--- title: "Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis: From Colonial Divide to a Burning Conflict" description: "Cameroon, once hailed as a stable nation in Central Africa, is now engulfed in a violent struggle that threatens its unity and the lives of millions. The war in the English‑speaking Northwest and Southwest regions has escalated dramatically in 2025, yet the world remains largely silent. Understanding how colonial legacies, broken promises, and recent spikes in bloodshed have converged is essential to grasp why the crisis matters now more than ever.\n\n## Key Takeaways\n- Colonial-era partition left Cameroon with an Anglophone minority in the Northwest and Southwest whose promised federal autonomy was abolished by 1972, fueling decades of grievance.\n- May 2025 saw a sharp escalation: an IED killed two Rapid Intervention Battalion soldiers on May 5, a civilian was shot for cultural reasons on May 10, and six civilians including a mentally ill man were killed in a government raid on Pinyin on May 15.\n- Human Rights Watch estimates at least 6,000 civilian deaths and nearly 600,000 internally displaced persons since fighting began, with abuses documented on both sides.\n- International mediation attempts by Switzerland (2019–2022) and Canada (2023) collapsed, while the UN Security Council debated the crisis only informally after European Parliament pressure.\n- Cameroonian youth organizations such as Local Youth Corner Cameroon and Defy Hate Now represent the most credible path to dialogue, even as peacebuilders face intimidation and death from both sides.\n\n## Historical Roots and the Linguistic Divide\n\nThe origins of Cameroon’s current turmoil lie in the arbitrary borders drawn at the Berlin Conference of 1884. Germany first claimed the territory, but after World War I the land was split between Britain and France. The French administered four‑fifths of the country, imposing French language, civil law and centralized governance. The British governed the remaining two slivers—Northern and Southern Cameroons—as extensions of Nigeria, preserving English as the language of instruction and a common‑law legal system. When the French portion achieved independence in 1960, the United Nations offered the British‑administered Southern Cameroons a binary choice: join Nigeria or join the new Republic of Cameroon. The region voted to unite with Cameroon under a federal arrangement that promised autonomy over legal, educational and administrative affairs. That promise eroded quickly; by 1972 the federation was abolished through a national referendum, and power became concentrated in the Francophone capital, Yaoundé. Over the following decades, Anglophone schools were assimilated, courts shifted toward civil law, and government appointments favored Francophones, leaving the English‑speaking minority feeling marginalized and dispossessed.\n\n## Escalation of Violence: Recent Attacks and Civilian Casualties\n\nMay 2025 marked a stark intensification of the conflict. On May 5, an improvised explosive device detonated against a military vehicle, shredding it and killing two members of Cameroon’s elite Rapid Intervention Battalion while wounding three others. Five days later, suspected separatist fighters shot a civilian in Bamenda for drinking a beer associated with Francophone culture, underscoring how cultural symbols have become flashpoints. The violence peaked on May 15 when government forces launched an operation in the village of Pinyin, killing six civilians, including a man with documented mental‑health issues. These incidents illustrate a rapid escalation from targeted attacks to broader civilian harm within a single fortnight. Waimiri May 5, 2025, an IED exploded, ripping a military vehicle to shreds. And when that meaning came, I for one realized it would not solve our problems.\" Realizing that this wouldn’t be enough to end the conflict, the government followed this anemic carrot up with the stick of a ramped-up military offensive, and began recruiting vigilante groups to fight the separatists in a scene that is once again oddly reminiscent of the DRC.\n\n## Human Rights Violations: Targeting Civilians and Vulnerable Populations\n\nBoth sides of the conflict have been implicated in systematic abuses. The May 10 killing in Bamenda shows separatist fighters willing to punish ordinary citizens for perceived cultural transgressions. The Pinyin operation demonstrates government forces’ willingness to use heavy‑handed tactics that result in civilian deaths, even among the most vulnerable, such as a man with mental‑health challenges. Earlier in the crisis, the script notes that schools, hospitals and homes have been burned, entire villages emptied, and mass displacement forced upon over half a million people. Human Rights Watch estimates at least 6,000 civilian deaths and nearly 600,000 internally displaced persons, highlighting a pattern of rights violations that transcends battlefield engagements. Human Rights Watch estimates that at least 6,000 civilians have been killed by both government forces and armed separatist fighters since the fighting started. One marked by assassinations, kidnappings, military raids, mass displacement, and systemic human rights abuses on both sides.\n\n## Separatist Tactics vs. Government Counterinsurgency: A Dangerous Cycle\n\nSeparatist groups have increasingly relied on improvised explosive devices and hit‑and‑run raids, as evidenced by the May 5 IED attack that crippled a Rapid Intervention Battalion vehicle. Their tactics aim to disrupt military mobility and sow fear among both soldiers and civilians. In response, the government has deployed the Rapid Intervention Battalion and conducted swift, punitive operations such as the May 15 raid on Pinyin. These heavy‑handed counterinsurgency measures, while intended to suppress the rebellion, often result in civilian casualties, which in turn fuel further resentment and recruitment for the separatists. The script describes this as a “cycle” where each side’s actions intensify the other’s resolve, perpetuating a stalemate that has persisted since 2018. An armed conflict between separatist groups demanding independence and the central government in Yaounde, the crisis began as peaceful civil society protests before spiraling into a full-blown insurgency. Quoting from Peacelab, “Many young peacebuilders are accused of being traitors, arrested, kidnapped or even killed by the separatist armed groups, with little to no attention given to the victims.\n\n## International Apathy and Media Silence\n\nDespite the scale of the crisis, global attention remains minimal. The script notes that the conflict was only debated informally at the UN Security Council after a European Parliament appeal, with South Africa blocking a formal debate. The African Union’s Peace and Security Council was described as lacking political will, offering only rhetorical support without concrete sanctions. Attempts at mediation by Switzerland (2019‑2022) and Canada (2023) collapsed when the Cameroonian government withdrew or refused external facilitation. This diplomatic inertia, combined with limited media coverage, has left humanitarian actors struggling to address the needs of millions while the world “puts two fingers in its ears.” In 2025, while providing an update on the Cameroon crisis, Africa Confidential wrote that the Anglophone Crisis had remained a \"bloody stalemate\", with neither the government nor the rebels in a position to win the conflict. On May 5, following appeals by the European Union Parliament, it was announced that the Anglophone Crisis would be debated at the UN Security Council.\n\n## Pathways to Peace: Youth‑Led Initiatives Amidst Stalemate\n\nThe conflict has settled into a “bloody stalemate,” with neither the government nor the separatists able to claim decisive victory. Yet, the script highlights a growing grassroots movement led by Cameroonian youth, who constitute over 60 % of the population. Organizations such as Local Youth Corner Cameroon provide safe spaces for dialogue, while groups like Defy Hate Now promote media literacy to combat hate speech. These young peacebuilders face intimidation, arrests, and even death, yet they persist, believing that dialogue and mediation can break the cycle of violence. Their efforts suggest that any durable resolution will likely need to emerge from within civil society rather than from top‑down military solutions. As the year wore on, however, the separatists engaged in informal talks with the government, culminating in President Biya's announcement that the government would hold a Major National Dialogue with the separatists.\n\n## Related Coverage\n- [The Year the World Changed: Understanding the Shift in Global Order](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/the-year-the-world-changed-understanding-the-shift-in-global-order)\n- [Sudan's Forgotten War: How Two Generals Plunged Africa Into Catastrophe](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/sudan-forgotten-war-burhan-hemedti-catastrophe)\n- [The UAE is Destabilizing the Entire Middle East](https://warfronts.pub/conflicts/the-uae-is-destabilizing-the-entire-middle-east)\n- [The Emergence of a New Nation: The Rise of the Southern Transitional Council in Yemen](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/the-emergence-of-a-new-nation-the-rise-of-the-southern-transitional-council-in-yemen)\n- [South Sudan on the Brink: Nation Faces Collapse](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/south-sudan-on-the-brink-collapse)\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### How did Cameroon’s Anglophone crisis begin?\n\nThe roots lie in the colonial era: after World War I, Britain governed Southern Cameroons as an extension of Nigeria, preserving English-language schooling and common law. When the territory voted in 1961 to unite with the French-majority Republic of Cameroon, the federal arrangement that promised Anglophone autonomy was abolished by referendum in 1972. Over the following decades Francophone-dominated Yaoundé assimilated Anglophone schools and courts, generating the grievances that eventually erupted into armed conflict around 2018.\n\n### What atrocities occurred in May 2025?\n\nMay 2025 brought a rapid sequence of violence. On May 5 an IED killed two members of Cameroon’s Rapid Intervention Battalion and wounded three others. On May 10 separatist fighters shot a civilian in Bamenda for drinking a beer associated with Francophone culture. On May 15 government forces raided the village of Pinyin, killing six civilians including a man with documented mental-health issues—all within a single fortnight.\n\n### How many people have been killed or displaced by the crisis?\n\nHuman Rights Watch estimates that at least 6,000 civilians have been killed by both government forces and armed separatist groups since the fighting started. Nearly 600,000 people have been internally displaced. Schools, hospitals, and homes have been burned and entire villages emptied, creating a humanitarian emergency that has received minimal international attention.\n\n### Why have international mediation efforts failed?\n\nAttempts by Switzerland (2019–2022) and Canada (2023) both collapsed when the Cameroonian government withdrew or refused external facilitation. The African Union’s Peace and Security Council was described as lacking political will and offering only rhetorical support. At the UN Security Council, South Africa blocked a formal debate, and the crisis was discussed only informally after an appeal by the European Parliament in 2025.\n\n### What role are Cameroonian youth playing in peacebuilding?\n\nWith youth constituting over 60 percent of Cameroon’s population, grassroots organizations have emerged as the most credible actors for dialogue. Groups such as Local Youth Corner Cameroon provide safe spaces for discussion, while Defy Hate Now promotes media literacy to counter hate speech. These peacebuilders operate at great personal risk—facing arrest, intimidation, and even death from both separatists and government forces—yet they persist in believing dialogue can break the cycle of violence.\n\n## Sources\n1. \n2. \n3. \n4. \n5. \n6. \n7. \n8. \n9. \n10. \n11. \n12. \n13. \n14. \n15. \n16. \n17. \n18. \n19. \n20. \n21. \n\n[1]: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/cameroon\n[2]: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jan/15/the-fight-is-existential-cameroons-anglophone-leaders-lead-a-revolution-from-behind-bars\n[3]: https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/21/cameroon-separatist-conflict-displaces-thousands-of-students/\n[4]: https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/07/cameroon-at-least-three-killed-in-attack-blamed-on-separatist-rebels/\n[5]: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38895541\n[6]: https://web.archive.org/web/20170805204207/http://thestandardtribune.com/2017/01/18/a-new-dawn-of-tyranny/\n[7]: https://web.archive.org/web/20170805204207/http://thestandardtribune.com/2017/01/17/the-government-just-banned-scnc-and-consortium/\n[8]: https://www.businessincameroon.com/economy/2504-13785-10-million-cameroonians-lived-on-less-than-1-80-per-day-in-2022-survey\n[9]: https://web.archive.org/web/20170828070150/http://cameroonpostline.com/gorji-dinka-releases-ambazonia-message/\n[10]: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/cameroon\n[11]: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/nov/21/what-were-you-expecting-a-bloodless-war-how-cameroon-became-trapped-in-a-forgotten-standoff\n[12]: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/cameroon/272-crise-anglophone-au-cameroun-comment-arriver-aux-pourparlers\n[13]: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6296pp1p6wo\n[14]: https://web.archive.org/web/20180505144624/http://unpo.org/article/20701\n[15]: https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-anglophones-special-status-too-little-too-late/a-51747683\n[16]: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/11/07/english-speaking-villages-are-burning-in-cameroon\n[17]: https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/15380/anglophone-separatists%27-campaign-reaches-bloody-stalemate\n[18]: https://theconversation.com/cameroons-rebels-may-not-achieve-their-goal-of-creating-the-ambazonian-state-but-theyre-still-a-threat-to-stability-223039\n[19]: https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/25/cameroon-denies-asking-foreign-mediation-with-separatists-amid-canadas-claim/\n[20]: https://peacelab.blog/2021/04/cameroons-anglophone-crisis-youths-are-the-key-to-peace\n[21]: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27159916\n\n" url: https://warfronts.pub/article/cameroon-anglophone-crisis-burning-conflict.md canonical: https://warfronts.pub/article/cameroon-anglophone-crisis-burning-conflict datePublished: 2026-02-25 dateModified: 2026-02-25 author: - name: Simon Whistler url: https://warfronts.pub/author/simon-whistler publisher: Warfronts image: "https://media.warfronts.pub/cdn-cgi/image/width=1600,height=900,fit=cover,quality=80,format=auto/articles/3q19vCHhK-Q/hero.jpg" type: NewsArticle contentHash: 5d205ec9748909a74453fcd3aa445ad45386e6fe807f888f3b888e881c0b00a7 tokens: 4139 summaryUrl: https://warfronts.pub/article/cameroon-anglophone-crisis-burning-conflict.md.summary.md --- Cameroon, once hailed as a stable nation in Central Africa, is now engulfed in a violent struggle that threatens its unity and the lives of millions. The war in the English‑speaking Northwest and Southwest regions has escalated dramatically in 2025, yet the world remains largely silent. Understanding how colonial legacies, broken promises, and recent spikes in bloodshed have converged is essential to grasp why the crisis matters now more than ever. ## Key Takeaways - Colonial-era partition left Cameroon with an Anglophone minority in the Northwest and Southwest whose promised federal autonomy was abolished by 1972, fueling decades of grievance. - May 2025 saw a sharp escalation: an IED killed two Rapid Intervention Battalion soldiers on May 5, a civilian was shot for cultural reasons on May 10, and six civilians including a mentally ill man were killed in a government raid on Pinyin on May 15. - Human Rights Watch estimates at least 6,000 civilian deaths and nearly 600,000 internally displaced persons since fighting began, with abuses documented on both sides. - International mediation attempts by Switzerland (2019–2022) and Canada (2023) collapsed, while the UN Security Council debated the crisis only informally after European Parliament pressure. - Cameroonian youth organizations such as Local Youth Corner Cameroon and Defy Hate Now represent the most credible path to dialogue, even as peacebuilders face intimidation and death from both sides. ## Historical Roots and the Linguistic Divide The origins of Cameroon’s current turmoil lie in the arbitrary borders drawn at the Berlin Conference of 1884. Germany first claimed the territory, but after World War I the land was split between Britain and France. The French administered four‑fifths of the country, imposing French language, civil law and centralized governance. The British governed the remaining two slivers—Northern and Southern Cameroons—as extensions of Nigeria, preserving English as the language of instruction and a common‑law legal system. When the French portion achieved independence in 1960, the United Nations offered the British‑administered Southern Cameroons a binary choice: join Nigeria or join the new Republic of Cameroon. The region voted to unite with Cameroon under a federal arrangement that promised autonomy over legal, educational and administrative affairs. That promise eroded quickly; by 1972 the federation was abolished through a national referendum, and power became concentrated in the Francophone capital, Yaoundé. Over the following decades, Anglophone schools were assimilated, courts shifted toward civil law, and government appointments favored Francophones, leaving the English‑speaking minority feeling marginalized and dispossessed. ## Escalation of Violence: Recent Attacks and Civilian Casualties May 2025 marked a stark intensification of the conflict. On May 5, an improvised explosive device detonated against a military vehicle, shredding it and killing two members of Cameroon’s elite Rapid Intervention Battalion while wounding three others. Five days later, suspected separatist fighters shot a civilian in Bamenda for drinking a beer associated with Francophone culture, underscoring how cultural symbols have become flashpoints. The violence peaked on May 15 when government forces launched an operation in the village of Pinyin, killing six civilians, including a man with documented mental‑health issues. These incidents illustrate a rapid escalation from targeted attacks to broader civilian harm within a single fortnight. Waimiri May 5, 2025, an IED exploded, ripping a military vehicle to shreds. And when that meaning came, I for one realized it would not solve our problems." Realizing that this wouldn’t be enough to end the conflict, the government followed this anemic carrot up with the stick of a ramped-up military offensive, and began recruiting vigilante groups to fight the separatists in a scene that is once again oddly reminiscent of the DRC. ## Human Rights Violations: Targeting Civilians and Vulnerable Populations Both sides of the conflict have been implicated in systematic abuses. The May 10 killing in Bamenda shows separatist fighters willing to punish ordinary citizens for perceived cultural transgressions. The Pinyin operation demonstrates government forces’ willingness to use heavy‑handed tactics that result in civilian deaths, even among the most vulnerable, such as a man with mental‑health challenges. Earlier in the crisis, the script notes that schools, hospitals and homes have been burned, entire villages emptied, and mass displacement forced upon over half a million people. Human Rights Watch estimates at least 6,000 civilian deaths and nearly 600,000 internally displaced persons, highlighting a pattern of rights violations that transcends battlefield engagements. Human Rights Watch estimates that at least 6,000 civilians have been killed by both government forces and armed separatist fighters since the fighting started. One marked by assassinations, kidnappings, military raids, mass displacement, and systemic human rights abuses on both sides. ## Separatist Tactics vs. Government Counterinsurgency: A Dangerous Cycle Separatist groups have increasingly relied on improvised explosive devices and hit‑and‑run raids, as evidenced by the May 5 IED attack that crippled a Rapid Intervention Battalion vehicle. Their tactics aim to disrupt military mobility and sow fear among both soldiers and civilians. In response, the government has deployed the Rapid Intervention Battalion and conducted swift, punitive operations such as the May 15 raid on Pinyin. These heavy‑handed counterinsurgency measures, while intended to suppress the rebellion, often result in civilian casualties, which in turn fuel further resentment and recruitment for the separatists. The script describes this as a “cycle” where each side’s actions intensify the other’s resolve, perpetuating a stalemate that has persisted since 2018. An armed conflict between separatist groups demanding independence and the central government in Yaounde, the crisis began as peaceful civil society protests before spiraling into a full-blown insurgency. Quoting from Peacelab, “Many young peacebuilders are accused of being traitors, arrested, kidnapped or even killed by the separatist armed groups, with little to no attention given to the victims. ## International Apathy and Media Silence Despite the scale of the crisis, global attention remains minimal. The script notes that the conflict was only debated informally at the UN Security Council after a European Parliament appeal, with South Africa blocking a formal debate. The African Union’s Peace and Security Council was described as lacking political will, offering only rhetorical support without concrete sanctions. Attempts at mediation by Switzerland (2019‑2022) and Canada (2023) collapsed when the Cameroonian government withdrew or refused external facilitation. This diplomatic inertia, combined with limited media coverage, has left humanitarian actors struggling to address the needs of millions while the world “puts two fingers in its ears.” In 2025, while providing an update on the Cameroon crisis, Africa Confidential wrote that the Anglophone Crisis had remained a "bloody stalemate", with neither the government nor the rebels in a position to win the conflict. On May 5, following appeals by the European Union Parliament, it was announced that the Anglophone Crisis would be debated at the UN Security Council. ## Pathways to Peace: Youth‑Led Initiatives Amidst Stalemate The conflict has settled into a “bloody stalemate,” with neither the government nor the separatists able to claim decisive victory. Yet, the script highlights a growing grassroots movement led by Cameroonian youth, who constitute over 60 % of the population. Organizations such as Local Youth Corner Cameroon provide safe spaces for dialogue, while groups like Defy Hate Now promote media literacy to combat hate speech. These young peacebuilders face intimidation, arrests, and even death, yet they persist, believing that dialogue and mediation can break the cycle of violence. Their efforts suggest that any durable resolution will likely need to emerge from within civil society rather than from top‑down military solutions. As the year wore on, however, the separatists engaged in informal talks with the government, culminating in President Biya's announcement that the government would hold a Major National Dialogue with the separatists. ## Related Coverage - [The Year the World Changed: Understanding the Shift in Global Order](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/the-year-the-world-changed-understanding-the-shift-in-global-order) - [Sudan's Forgotten War: How Two Generals Plunged Africa Into Catastrophe](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/sudan-forgotten-war-burhan-hemedti-catastrophe) - [The UAE is Destabilizing the Entire Middle East](https://warfronts.pub/conflicts/the-uae-is-destabilizing-the-entire-middle-east) - [The Emergence of a New Nation: The Rise of the Southern Transitional Council in Yemen](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/the-emergence-of-a-new-nation-the-rise-of-the-southern-transitional-council-in-yemen) - [South Sudan on the Brink: Nation Faces Collapse](https://warfronts-prod.fulcrum-labs.workers.dev/conflicts/south-sudan-on-the-brink-collapse) ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How did Cameroon’s Anglophone crisis begin? The roots lie in the colonial era: after World War I, Britain governed Southern Cameroons as an extension of Nigeria, preserving English-language schooling and common law. When the territory voted in 1961 to unite with the French-majority Republic of Cameroon, the federal arrangement that promised Anglophone autonomy was abolished by referendum in 1972. Over the following decades Francophone-dominated Yaoundé assimilated Anglophone schools and courts, generating the grievances that eventually erupted into armed conflict around 2018. ### What atrocities occurred in May 2025? May 2025 brought a rapid sequence of violence. On May 5 an IED killed two members of Cameroon’s Rapid Intervention Battalion and wounded three others. On May 10 separatist fighters shot a civilian in Bamenda for drinking a beer associated with Francophone culture. On May 15 government forces raided the village of Pinyin, killing six civilians including a man with documented mental-health issues—all within a single fortnight. ### How many people have been killed or displaced by the crisis? Human Rights Watch estimates that at least 6,000 civilians have been killed by both government forces and armed separatist groups since the fighting started. Nearly 600,000 people have been internally displaced. Schools, hospitals, and homes have been burned and entire villages emptied, creating a humanitarian emergency that has received minimal international attention. ### Why have international mediation efforts failed? Attempts by Switzerland (2019–2022) and Canada (2023) both collapsed when the Cameroonian government withdrew or refused external facilitation. The African Union’s Peace and Security Council was described as lacking political will and offering only rhetorical support. At the UN Security Council, South Africa blocked a formal debate, and the crisis was discussed only informally after an appeal by the European Parliament in 2025. ### What role are Cameroonian youth playing in peacebuilding? With youth constituting over 60 percent of Cameroon’s population, grassroots organizations have emerged as the most credible actors for dialogue. Groups such as Local Youth Corner Cameroon provide safe spaces for discussion, while Defy Hate Now promotes media literacy to counter hate speech. These peacebuilders operate at great personal risk—facing arrest, intimidation, and even death from both separatists and government forces—yet they persist in believing dialogue can break the cycle of violence. ## Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. [1]: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/cameroon [2]: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jan/15/the-fight-is-existential-cameroons-anglophone-leaders-lead-a-revolution-from-behind-bars [3]: https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/21/cameroon-separatist-conflict-displaces-thousands-of-students/ [4]: https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/07/cameroon-at-least-three-killed-in-attack-blamed-on-separatist-rebels/ [5]: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38895541 [6]: https://web.archive.org/web/20170805204207/http://thestandardtribune.com/2017/01/18/a-new-dawn-of-tyranny/ [7]: https://web.archive.org/web/20170805204207/http://thestandardtribune.com/2017/01/17/the-government-just-banned-scnc-and-consortium/ [8]: https://www.businessincameroon.com/economy/2504-13785-10-million-cameroonians-lived-on-less-than-1-80-per-day-in-2022-survey [9]: https://web.archive.org/web/20170828070150/http://cameroonpostline.com/gorji-dinka-releases-ambazonia-message/ [10]: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/cameroon [11]: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/nov/21/what-were-you-expecting-a-bloodless-war-how-cameroon-became-trapped-in-a-forgotten-standoff [12]: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/cameroon/272-crise-anglophone-au-cameroun-comment-arriver-aux-pourparlers [13]: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6296pp1p6wo [14]: https://web.archive.org/web/20180505144624/http://unpo.org/article/20701 [15]: https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-anglophones-special-status-too-little-too-late/a-51747683 [16]: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/11/07/english-speaking-villages-are-burning-in-cameroon [17]: https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/15380/anglophone-separatists%27-campaign-reaches-bloody-stalemate [18]: https://theconversation.com/cameroons-rebels-may-not-achieve-their-goal-of-creating-the-ambazonian-state-but-theyre-still-a-threat-to-stability-223039 [19]: https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/25/cameroon-denies-asking-foreign-mediation-with-separatists-amid-canadas-claim/ [20]: https://peacelab.blog/2021/04/cameroons-anglophone-crisis-youths-are-the-key-to-peace [21]: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27159916 <!-- youtube:3q19vCHhK-Q -->