Eastern Europe
Ukraine, Russia, NATO posture, deterrence, and the wider security architecture of Eastern Europe.
236 Dispatches
The Forgotten US Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920
How and why the United States sent two expeditionary forces into revolutionary Russia during 1918-1920, fighting Bolsheviks in Archangel and Siberia.
2014 Ukraine Crisis: The Real Beginning of the War with Russia
How Russia's war in Ukraine truly began in 2014 — from revolution and Crimea's annexation to separatist battles, a downed airliner, and the Minsk
Transnistria War: Moldova's Pro-Russian Insurgency of 1992
How the 1992 Transnistria War set the precedent for post-Soviet conflicts, from separatist militias to Russian military intervention in Moldova.
The Soviet-Ukrainian War: Ukraine's Fight for Freedom, 1917-1921
How a divided Ukraine declared independence amid the collapse of three empires, fought a tangle of overlapping wars, and lost the state but planted a future.
The 2008 Russo-Georgian War: Europe's First War of the 21st Century
How a five-day war over South Ossetia and Abkhazia killed hundreds, displaced nearly 200,000, and set the stage for Russia's later confrontation with Ukraine.
Iceland's Victory in the Cod Wars: A Diplomatic and Naval Triumph
Learn how Iceland won the Cod Wars against the UK, securing its fishing rights and shaping international maritime law
The Winter War: How Finland Held the Line Against Stalin's Red Army
How a vastly outnumbered Finland bled the Soviet invasion of 1939-40 white, the legend of sniper Simo Häyhä, and the war's brutal cost.
Forging a New Era: The Franco-Prussian War's Lasting Impact
Learn about the Franco-Prussian War's origins, key events, and lasting impact on European politics and society